Adaptações morfológicas musculares na espasticidadE: revisão da literatura / Muscular morphological adaptations of spasticity: literature review

Objetivos: O propósito deste artigo foi revisar as principais evidências dos efeitos da espasticidade sobre o tecido muscular.Fonte de dados: Foram consultados 35 artigos selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO, a partir do ano de 1969. Os descritores utilizados no processo de busca foram spasticity, spastic, muscle architecture, muscle length, fascicle length, muscle histopathology, morphological changes, fiber type, sarcomere length, titin, stroke e cerebral palsy. A partir da análise dos títulos e resumos, foram selecionados 19 artigos que faziam menção a alterações estruturais musculares decorrentes de um quadro clínico positivo de espasticidade. As demais referências foram utilizadas para contextualizar e definir conceitos gerais necessários à introdução do tema.Síntese dos dados: Ocorrem diferentes tipos de adaptação da estrutura muscular em indivíduos com espasticidade quando comparados a indivíduos saudáveis. Essas alterações podem ocorrer tanto em nível macroscópico quanto microscópico. A espasticidade pode promover redução no comprimento e volume do ventre muscular, aumento do número de fibras do tipo I, redução de sarcômeros em série e aumento de tecido conjuntivo extracelular nos músculos espásticos.Conclusões: A espasticidade afeta o sistema muscular esquelético e impossibilita o desenvolvimento de funções motoras normais.

Aims: The purpose of this article was to review the main evidence of the effects of spasticity on muscle tissue.Source of data: We selected 35 articles in the databases PubMed and SciELO, from the year 1969. The key words used in the search process were spasticity, spastic, muscle architecture, muscle length, fascicle length, muscle histopathology, morphological changes, fiber type, sarcomere length, titin, stroke and cerebral palsy. From the analysis of titles and abstracts, 19 articles were selected, which made mention of muscle structural changes arising from a positive clinical spasticity. The other references were used to contextualize and to define general concepts necessary for introducing the topic.Summary of findings: Different types of adaptation of muscle structure occur in subjects with spasticity when compared to healthy subjects. These changes may occur at the macroscopic and at the microscopic level. Spasticity may reduce the length and volume of the muscle, increasing the number of type I fibers, reducing sarcomere number and increase extracellular tissue in spastic muscles.Conclusions: Spasticity affects the increasing system and prevents the development of normal motor functions.

Masseter muscle thickness in different skeletal morphology: An ultrasonographic study.

Background: The thickness of the masseter muscle during relaxation and contraction states was measured by ultrasonography. Subjects were classified according to their sagittal skeletal relationships. The association between muscle thickness and facial morphology was studied. Context: Masseter muscle thickness influences the skeletal patterns. Aim: To measure and compare the thickness of the masseter muscle in individuals with skeletal class I occlusion and skeletal class II malocclusions and to correlate its relationship with craniofacial morphology. Settings and Design: The study was conducted in a hospital setup and was designed to study the thickness of the masseter muscle in different skeletal morphologies. Materials and Methods: Seventy two individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 years were divided into Group I, Group IIA and Group IIB according to their skeletal relationships. Masseter muscle thickness was measured by ultrasonography. Eight linear and six angular cephalometric measurements were assessed. Statistical Analysis Used: Analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation analysis. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in muscle thickness between subjects of different skeletal patterns. Significant positive correlation between masseter muscle thickness and posterior total face height, jarabak ratio, ramus height, mandibular length and significant negative correlations with mandibular plane angle, gonial angle and PP-MP angle were observed. Conclusion: This study indicates the strong association between the masseter muscle and skeletal morphology.

A study on the correlation between airway space and facial morphology in Class III malocclusion children with nasal obstruction / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was assessment of the relationship between airway space and facial morphology in Class III children with nasal obstruction. METHODS: For this study, 100 Class III children (50 boys and 50 girls) were chosen. All subjects were refered to ENT, due to nasal obstruction. Airway space measurements and facial morphology measurements were measured on lateral cephalometric radiograph. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between airway space and facial morphology. RESULTS: Ramal height, SNA, SNB, PFH, FHR and facial plane angle were positively related to upper PAS, and sum of saddle angle, articular angle, and gonial angle, SN-GoGn, Y-axis to SN and FMA negatively related to upper PAS. Gonial angle, FMA were positively related to lower PAS, and articular angle, facial depth, PFH and FHR negatively related to lower PAS. PCBL, ramal height, Mn. body length, Mn. body length to ACBL, facial depth, facial length, PFH and AFH were positively related to tonsil size. Sum of saddle angle, articular angle, gonial angle, facial length, AFH, FMA and LFH were positively related to tongue gap, and IMPA and overbite was negatively related to tongue gap. Upper PAS, related to size of adenoid tissue, was mainly related to posterior facial dimension following a vertical growth pattern of face and mandibular rotation. Lower PAS and tonsil size, related to anterior-posterior tongue base position, were significantly related to each other. Lower PAS was related to growth pattern of mandible, and tonsil size was related to size of mandible and horizontal growth pattern of face. Tongue gap was related to anterior facial dimension following a vertical growth pattern of face. CONCLUSION: Significant relationship exists between airway space and facial morphology.